Chapter 10 Vocabulary

Alcoholism: the addiction to alcohol

Fluid Intelligence: the ability to reason abstractly

Crystallized Intelligence: the focus of judgement, knowledge, and skills needed in life and work

Postconventional morality: Kohlberg's final stage of moral development

Intimacy vs. Isolation: early adulthood stage when faced with making social decisions

Intimacy: the self-disclosure and sharing of private thoughts and emotions

Secure attachment style: percieve relationships positively

Avoidant attachment style: avoid getting too close to others and avoid commitment

Anxious attachment style: they are anxious, possessive, and demanding

Affectionate love: involves romantic ways of expressing love for each other, not necessarily in a sexual way

Romantic Love: develops from the combination of friendly love and affectionate love

Consummate Love: the combination of affectionate love and a desire to commit to the relationship through good times & challenges

Infatuation: an obsession with someone based on appearance or ability

Compromise: to reach an agreement by incorporating each partner's goals and ideas into one solution

Unconditional love: love without limits or exceptions

Chapter 12 Vocabulary

• Cenetarian: refers to a person age 100 or older

• Incontinence: involuntary urination or defecation

• Cataracts: thickened lens of the eye causing cloudy or distorted vision 

• Glaucoma: eye condition that involves damage to the optic nerve

• Macular Degeneration: eye disease that cause people to have difficulty seeing object

• Periphery: the outer edges of the center view 

• Diabetic retinopathy: an eye disease that involves damage to the blood vessels in the retina

• Presbycusis: hearing loss associated with age typically caused from damage to the inner ear

• Tinnitus: ringing sound in ears

• Sleep Apnea: a condition in which the airway collapses or becomes blocked and causes a person to have pauses in breathing while sleeping 

• Denture: manufactured teeth that replace natural teeth, can be custom made to help adults do things comfortably

• Medicare: a government health insurance program helps older adults pay for medical cost

• Social Security: a government retirement fund, provides supplemental income 

• Matriarch: oldest influential female family member

• Patriarch: the oldest influential male family member

• Ageism: unfair treatment of older adults 

• Dementia: describes cognitive declines and memory loss, caused by brain damage to the brain 

• Alzhemier's Disease: is a progressive brain disorder that includes not only memory loss, but also severe confusion

• Hospice Care: a form of care given by trained medical professionals

• Beneficiaries: those who receive financial assets

• Widow: when the husband in a marriage passes away 

• Widower: the surviving husband in a marriage in which the wife passes by

•  Bereavement: a term used to describe the state of losing a loved one through death

• Grief: describes the mental anguish or sadness that accompanies bereavement

• Mourning: the period when family members and friends remember and grieve for the loss of a beloved one 

Changes

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Wrinkles being to appear, fine lines become more visible, weight is lost slower, grey hairs appear, skin begins to hang, facial expressions become more monotonous, eyesight begins to decrease, hearing impairs.

Chapter 11 Vocab

Climacteric: reproductive capacity declines or is lost for both men and women

Testosterone: male hormone

Estrogen: hormones that are found in higher levels in females than males

Progesterone: hormones also found in higher levels in females than males

Perimenopause: first stage of reduced fertility

Menopause: when one can no longer reproduce

Visual acuity: vision sharpness

Presbyopia: slow decrease in the ability to focus on nearby objects

Sarcopenia: the loss of muscle mass and strength

Osteoporosis: bones become brittle and less dense

Benign: used to describe noncancerous tumor

Malignant: used to describe tumors that are cancerous

Chemotherapy: cancers are treated in various ways

Artherosclerosis: the clogging of arteries with a plaque

Inductive Reasoning: making conclusions by moving from detailed facts to general theory

Deductive Reasoning: uses general observation or theory to reach a detailed conclusion

Episodic Memories: those that include personal experiences or events

Semantic Memories: focus on knowledge

Generativity versus Stagnation: generativity refers to giving back to future generations, while stagnation centers around living for oneself without consideration for potential impact on the next generation

Marriage

Marriage is very serious because you're combining your entire life and decisions with another person. Your decisions now affect not only yourself but the other person as well, and there can be both legal and emotional consequences for any mistakes made or poor decisions. A good marriage needs to consist of trust, support, respect and equality in order to be successful. Trust is key because since you are ultimately allowing another person to come into your life and make decisions with them, it's important to know how trusting this person will affect any compromises you make. Support is very important because you plan on spending the rest of of your life with this person and emotional support through thick and thin is necessary to survive any downfall throughout life's difficulties. Respect is necessary because you have to remember that while you are now seen as "belonging" to one person, your self worth is still very important and if that person isn't giving you the respect you deserve or vice versa, the marriage can quickly be ruined.

Marriage in Texas
The age requirement for marriage in the state of Texas is 18. There is no need for either person to be a resident of Texas, so out of state people can be married in Texas easily as well. A valid form of ID is required such as a driver's license, birth certificate, or military ID. There is a $60 fee in most Texas counties but a blood test in not required before hand. Couples are encouraged to take a premarital education class before actually getting married.

College

I am planning to attend Tarrant County College for two years in order to get my basic core curriculum done. Afterwards, I'd like to transfer to a bigger university, undecided yet. Tuition can range anywhere from $20,000-$25,000 at the colleges I have looked at like the University of North Texas and Texas A&M. I plan to work a better job and save money for college as well as applying for scholarships and student loans. I have talked to my parents about college finance options and they have agreed to support me financially while I continue to study.

Bullying Foldable

Social Bullying- causing someone to feel left out or isolated in a mean manner

Verbal Bullying- attacking someone with name calling about their physical appearance or personality

Cyber Bullying- attacking someone on social media or through any other form of electronic communication

Physical Bullying- intentional abuse by hitting or shoving, pushing, scratching, etc.

Breakup Script

Me: Hey, I think we need to talk. 

Him: Sure, dinner later? 

Me: Yeah, that's fine, I'll see you then.

at dinner

Me: So, I was thinking maybe we should take a break, see other people and experience other things. 

Him: If thats what you would like, and if that's what makes you happy, then I agree. 

Me: Its not that I''m not happy, its just that I think we should make sure this is something we both really want before things get too serious, and I think seeing other people could help us figure that out. If we're meant to be we'll find our way back to each other, I just want to be sure this is something I really want, and something you really want too. 

Him: Yeah I get it, I hope we can work things out one day, but it is smart to know this is right before we make any major decisions, we've both got big plans too so it's safe to make sure we can get our lives straight before committing to anything too serious. We've got a lot to thank about. 

Me: Thanks for understanding. 

Ally's Story

Ally should go to the school administration and report the guy. He'll deal with the consequences and while the picture will never be fully deleted, it can give her more peace of mind knowing he is being punished. Afterwards, she should see a counselor to talk her through the trauma of the incident.

Adolescence Key Terms

Adolescence: stage in life when humans go through the process of changing from children to adults

Puberty: period of development marked by growth spurts and sexual maturation

Pituitary Gland: small organ at the base of the brain that releases hormones that regulate growth and reproduction

Asynchrony: uneven timing of growth

Voice Cracking: sporadic octave changes

Energy Balance: the intake of calories equal to the output of calories

Eating Disorder: abnormal eating patterns that can cause severe of life-threatening physical problems

Anorexia Nervosa: thinness through starvation

Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder using bingeing and purging

Bingeing: consuming large amounts of food

Purging: forcing yourself to throw up to expel food from the system

Binge-eating disorder: eating large amounts of food without taking any actions to reduced the amount of food intake

Personal Table: thinking pattern related to cognitive function

Invincible: believing bad things will never happen

Formal Operations: adolescents can reason abstractly

Amygdala: part of brain responsible for emotional reactions such as anger

Prefrontal Cortex: regulates emotion and impulse control

Metaphors: connect two seemingly alike objects

Idiom: expression that has cultural meaning

Decision-Making Process: steps that involve examining the issue, analyzing alternatives, and acting based on careful evaluation

Identity Versus Identity Confusion: the quest to establish identity and life roles

Imaginary Audience: the belief that everyone is watching

Cyberbullying: harassment of others through digital medium

Substance Abuse: misuse of drugs to a toxic, dangerous level

Extracurricular Activities: promote group interactions and have a positive effect on social skills

Career and Technical Student Organizations: provide students with opportunities to demonstrate social skills

Abstinence: choosing not to engage in sexual activity

Chapter 8

Nutrient-dense Foods: rich in vitamins and minerals and contain relatively few calories
Body Composition: describes the proportion of body fat to lean mass in a person's body
Overweight: defined as a high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass
Obesity: is an excessive amount of body fat
Malnutrition: a chronic problem caused by a significant lack of nutrients within a person's diet
Centering: focusing on only one part of the situation
Reversibility: actions can be reversed
Concrete Operational Stage: able to think logically based on their past experiences
Learning Diversity: differences in learning based on abilities or experiences
Learning Styles: methods of taking in and processing information
Executive Strategies: skills used to solve problems
Conventional Morality: children may make a moral decision based on what laws and regulations state about cheating
Industry Versus Inferiority: children becoming more independent and learning more skills
Hyperopia: farsightedness
Myopia: nearsightedness
Dyslexia: difficulty understanding and recognizing letters, symbols, and sentence meanings
Mainstreaming: the placement of special needs students who show the ability to keep up with the curriculum into regular classrooms

Child Abuse

Types of Child Abuse 


Physical Abuse
Physical Abuse is "nonaccidental physical injujry to a child. Examples are punching, hitting, pushing, shoving, biting, burning, slapping, etc.

Neglect
Neglect is a parent or guardian's failure to meet the basic needs of a child such as food, shelter, water, clothes, medical care or supervision.

Sexual Abuse/Exploitation 
Sexual Abuse and Exploitation is when a child is exposed or touched sexually in any way. shape or form. This includes forcing a child to participate in prostitution or child pornography.

Emotional Abuse
Emotional Abuse is damaging a child's "emotional stability" through words or actions such as neglect or verbal abuse.

Parental Substance Abuse
Parental Substance Abuse is when a parent abuses drugs or other substances around the child, exposing them to sickness and illnesses. This includes prenatal drugs and substances consumed during a pregnancy, selling drugs, or any substance consumed that stops the parent from giving the child full supervision and care.

Abandonment
Abandonment is any situation in which the parent's location or whereabouts are unknown. This also includes a child being left in a place where they are exposed to harm or suffering.

Standards for Reporting Child Abuse
A report is required if an adult has any cause to suspect that the child is being abused at home, often times it can be teachers at school or extracurricular instructors.

Persons Responsible for the Child 
Any case of child abuse can also affect the parent, given that more than likely, they are the perpetrator of the abuse being inflicted on the child.

Exceptions
Some exceptions are made when it comes into child abuse, for example, if the child is not provided for due to insufficient financial funds, this is not seen as child abuse. And, in other places, physical discipline is allowed as long as it does not cause any bodily harm to the child.

How Texas Defines Child Abuse and Neglect

Physical: injury that results in substantial harm to the child, threat to harm the child, failure to make an effort to prevent any physical harm, causing or forcing a child to use a certain substance

Neglect: placing a child in a helpless situation, failing to help a child in a helpless situation, failing to provide the child with food, water, shelter, clothing.

Sexual Abuse/Exploitation: sexual conduct that harms a child's mental, emotional, or physical health.

Emotional Abuse: anything that impairs the child's emotional or mental growth

Chapter 7 Vocabulary: Lifespan Development

Preoperational Stage: reasoning and thinking about the ways that were not possible in earlier stages.

Intuition: primitive reasoning based on feelings

Centration: the tendency to focus on just one aspect of something seen

Conservation: refers to an ability to follow transformations of viewed objects

Egocentrism: an inability to take another person's perspective

Windows of Opportunity: time frames for optimizing the development of critical skills

Metacognition: they think about what they are thinking and focus on their inward thoughts

Metamemory: they think about what they remember

Phonolgy: refers to the sounds that make up words

Semantics: refers to the meaning of words

Preconventional Morality: Kohlberg's first level of moral development

Initiative versus Guilt: Erikson's description of the next stage of social-emotional development

Democratic parenting styles: giving choices and encouraging children

Authoritarian parenting styles: tends to be controlling and corrective

Permissive parenting styles: tends to let children control situations, making the decisions with few limits or controls

Gender Identity: having a sense about being a boy or a girl

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder: behavioral disorder that can become evident during preschool

Autism Spectrum Disorder: broad term that describes a developmental disability that leads to problems with social behaviors and communication

Aspergers Disorders: mild form of autism

Autistic Disorder: more severe variation of autism

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian
-Children are expected to follow the rules set by their strict parents.

Authoritative
-Parents set the rules and "rule" over the child but they are willing to listen to what the child has to say and their reasoning.

Permissive
-Parents have very few rules or demands and they don't expect much from their child. Very little disciplined is used.

Uninvolved
-Parent and child have very little communication and no demands or rules set for them. They fulfill the child's basic needs but are hardly in their life.

Characteristics of Thinking

Egocentrism

Preschoolers believe that everything that happens is because of them or affects them in one way or the other. 

Centration

Children are drawn to only one aspect of a problem or situation. They only focus on one thing at a time, for example, the fast  movement of an action hero fight. 

Inability to Conserve

Children's inability to understand that something will remain the same unless they take or add something to it, and that will change what the amount is or how well it works. 

Animistic Thinking

Used to develop the child's comprehension of what is real and what is pretend, and how they should feel towards that object if it is nonliving. 

Supernatural Fears

These occur when a child confuses the difference between reality and fantasy and they develop fear. Once they experience more normal experiences, they learn to control the fears. 

Classification

Child has difficulty classifying objects. Around age 4 they begin to classify objects by one attribute such as color or shape.

Difficulty Identifying Transitions
Children at a young age tend to notice things once they happen and after they happen, not what happens in between.

Age Appropriate Toys

1-2 Years

Kidioke books are books that play music on each page to classic and simple songs easy for children to learn. These are age appropriate because while they are listening to the song, each page has images that go along with the lyrics and it helps them develop the comprehension of words to images.

This telephone toy helps children in communication development and understanding what these devices are used for. The string attached also allows for something they can pull on while they are learning to walk.


2-3 1/2 Years

Hatchimals are toys designed to teach children about nurture and patience. Kids can learn how to be patient on waiting for something and the reward that comes when they succeed. They also learn that nurturing is important and it can be helpful if the mother is expecting a second child, so they understand that new babies need lots of attention and care.

Fingerpaint can develop a child's sense of creativity and also fine motor skills because they have to be careful enough to create the pattern that they want to see.

Potty Training