Adolescence Key Terms

Adolescence: stage in life when humans go through the process of changing from children to adults

Puberty: period of development marked by growth spurts and sexual maturation

Pituitary Gland: small organ at the base of the brain that releases hormones that regulate growth and reproduction

Asynchrony: uneven timing of growth

Voice Cracking: sporadic octave changes

Energy Balance: the intake of calories equal to the output of calories

Eating Disorder: abnormal eating patterns that can cause severe of life-threatening physical problems

Anorexia Nervosa: thinness through starvation

Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder using bingeing and purging

Bingeing: consuming large amounts of food

Purging: forcing yourself to throw up to expel food from the system

Binge-eating disorder: eating large amounts of food without taking any actions to reduced the amount of food intake

Personal Table: thinking pattern related to cognitive function

Invincible: believing bad things will never happen

Formal Operations: adolescents can reason abstractly

Amygdala: part of brain responsible for emotional reactions such as anger

Prefrontal Cortex: regulates emotion and impulse control

Metaphors: connect two seemingly alike objects

Idiom: expression that has cultural meaning

Decision-Making Process: steps that involve examining the issue, analyzing alternatives, and acting based on careful evaluation

Identity Versus Identity Confusion: the quest to establish identity and life roles

Imaginary Audience: the belief that everyone is watching

Cyberbullying: harassment of others through digital medium

Substance Abuse: misuse of drugs to a toxic, dangerous level

Extracurricular Activities: promote group interactions and have a positive effect on social skills

Career and Technical Student Organizations: provide students with opportunities to demonstrate social skills

Abstinence: choosing not to engage in sexual activity

Chapter 8

Nutrient-dense Foods: rich in vitamins and minerals and contain relatively few calories
Body Composition: describes the proportion of body fat to lean mass in a person's body
Overweight: defined as a high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass
Obesity: is an excessive amount of body fat
Malnutrition: a chronic problem caused by a significant lack of nutrients within a person's diet
Centering: focusing on only one part of the situation
Reversibility: actions can be reversed
Concrete Operational Stage: able to think logically based on their past experiences
Learning Diversity: differences in learning based on abilities or experiences
Learning Styles: methods of taking in and processing information
Executive Strategies: skills used to solve problems
Conventional Morality: children may make a moral decision based on what laws and regulations state about cheating
Industry Versus Inferiority: children becoming more independent and learning more skills
Hyperopia: farsightedness
Myopia: nearsightedness
Dyslexia: difficulty understanding and recognizing letters, symbols, and sentence meanings
Mainstreaming: the placement of special needs students who show the ability to keep up with the curriculum into regular classrooms

Child Abuse

Types of Child Abuse 


Physical Abuse
Physical Abuse is "nonaccidental physical injujry to a child. Examples are punching, hitting, pushing, shoving, biting, burning, slapping, etc.

Neglect
Neglect is a parent or guardian's failure to meet the basic needs of a child such as food, shelter, water, clothes, medical care or supervision.

Sexual Abuse/Exploitation 
Sexual Abuse and Exploitation is when a child is exposed or touched sexually in any way. shape or form. This includes forcing a child to participate in prostitution or child pornography.

Emotional Abuse
Emotional Abuse is damaging a child's "emotional stability" through words or actions such as neglect or verbal abuse.

Parental Substance Abuse
Parental Substance Abuse is when a parent abuses drugs or other substances around the child, exposing them to sickness and illnesses. This includes prenatal drugs and substances consumed during a pregnancy, selling drugs, or any substance consumed that stops the parent from giving the child full supervision and care.

Abandonment
Abandonment is any situation in which the parent's location or whereabouts are unknown. This also includes a child being left in a place where they are exposed to harm or suffering.

Standards for Reporting Child Abuse
A report is required if an adult has any cause to suspect that the child is being abused at home, often times it can be teachers at school or extracurricular instructors.

Persons Responsible for the Child 
Any case of child abuse can also affect the parent, given that more than likely, they are the perpetrator of the abuse being inflicted on the child.

Exceptions
Some exceptions are made when it comes into child abuse, for example, if the child is not provided for due to insufficient financial funds, this is not seen as child abuse. And, in other places, physical discipline is allowed as long as it does not cause any bodily harm to the child.

How Texas Defines Child Abuse and Neglect

Physical: injury that results in substantial harm to the child, threat to harm the child, failure to make an effort to prevent any physical harm, causing or forcing a child to use a certain substance

Neglect: placing a child in a helpless situation, failing to help a child in a helpless situation, failing to provide the child with food, water, shelter, clothing.

Sexual Abuse/Exploitation: sexual conduct that harms a child's mental, emotional, or physical health.

Emotional Abuse: anything that impairs the child's emotional or mental growth