Toddlers

• Toddlers- children between the ages of 1 and 3 years. 
• Inoculations- substances that are given in shot form to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease such as measles or mumps.
• Scaffolding- helping a child
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)- the level at which a child can learn with help. 
• Holophrases- one word to describe a whole group of items.
• Telegraphic speech- combining words into two word combinations. 
• Autonomy Versus Shame & Doubt- the next stage of social development during which children begin to see themselves as separate from their parents of guardians. 
• Temper Tantrum- emotional episode of upset behavior 
• Parallel Play- playing alongside another with little interaction.

Common Childhood Illnesses

Common illnesses can be prevented by handwashing & staying at home. Typically, the common cold will start in the upper respiratory tract, this can be prevented by avoiding exposure to cold weather and even being around people who smoke. The flu can be prevented by avoiding close contact with someone who is already infected with the flu, along with the flu immunization during infancy. An ear infection can be found not only in children, but also in adults, so its important that a child avoids being near an adult or other child who has an ear infection. This and the flu are the most common ones found. Pink eye is a very contagious disease that is also extremely dangerous and harmful. Pink eye, like the previous can also be avoided by keeping out of contact with an infected person. There is also over the counter antibiotics that can be prescribed before the disease has advanced too much.

Child Immunizations

I believe that it is important for children to get their immunizations because it can prevent future illnesses and disease as well as prevent the spread of the disease to others around them, especially pregnant women and newborns. While these vaccinations can contain certain elements  that may not be the safest for children, years and years of successful immunizations and disease prevention have proved that immunizations can be safe and extremely helpful. Children who do not have immunizations are more prone to illnesses which can lead to death, increasing infant mortality statistics and death at an early age.

Newborn Screening Tests

• Cord-Blood Blanking is storing blood from the umbilical cord when the mother gives birth. It can be used to treat necessary cell transplants like lukemia & anemia. 
• The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is used for babies who are born prematurely or have problems at birth. The doctors and nurses in the NICU can diagnose certain diseases and defects such as anemia, apnea, bradycardia, chronic lung disease and many more. 
• Meconium Aspiration is when a baby accidentally inhales amniotic fluid and/or meconium which is their first feces. By inhaling this, it blocks their airway completely making it extremely difficult to breathe and can also cause infection in the lungs. 
• Newborns can be screen tested for Phenylketunoria which is a metabolic disorder, Congential Hypothroidism which deals with the amount of hormons babies have, and Galatosemia, which deals with the lack of glucose which is a major component in producing the baby's energy. 
• PKU screening detects a disorder involved with the new borns metabolism 

Infancy

Infancy: the period from birth to the baby's first birthday

Neonates: the time period from birth to one month of age

Apgar Scale: administered at one minute and then again 5 minutes after the baby is born

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale: a test that measures a baby's reflexes and responses to senses such as light, sound & touch

Rooting Reflex: when they move towards a bottle of mother's breast when their side of their mouth is stroked

Bonding: the emotional connection that a parent or caregiver develops with the baby

Postpartum Period: a period of at least 6 weeks after birth in which the mother needs time for
physical & psychological adjustments

Postpartum Depression: an intense sadness and oftentimes emotional withdrawal from others

Proximodistal Development: infants learn to control the muscles at the core of their body before the
muscles from further out from their abdominal center

Cephalocaudal Development: the way babies develop from the top of their head down to their extremities

Shaken Baby Syndrome: the tragic injuries that result fro babies being shaken

Crawling: a type of dragging movement accomplished by the baby pulling forward by the arms & shoulders while lying on the stomach

Creeping: movement that occurs by using the hands & knees to pull the body while the stomach is raised off the ground

Palmar Grasp: to scrape up an object with their fingers into the palm of their hands

Pincer Grasp: when they use their forefinger & thumb to grasp things

Food Intolerance: reactions to foods that are unpleasant, such a digestive or behavioral problems

Sensorimotor Stage: infants move from reflexes to interacting with the world around them using their growing motor skills

Object Permanence: the understanding that people, places, or objects still exist even when they are out of sight or can no longer be heard or touched

Receptive Languages: when babies can understand language before they can form words

Trust Versus Mistrust: the stage for socio-emotional development during infancy

Attachment: the emotional connection between the child and the caregiver, occurs later in the infancy

Birth Defect - Cranosyntosis

Prenatal Testing

Your first prenatal visit

• Your doctor or provider asks you about family health history for any possibilities of birth defects passed through genetics, your last menstrual period, any allergies or medications you might be consuming, drug, smoking, or alcohol use can be questioned too. 
• Doctor will check your weight and blood  pressure, checks urine sample for any infection, and does a physical exam 

Ongoing Prenatal Visits

• Doctor/provider measures belly to see baby's growth & progress, listen for the baby's heartbeat, perform blood tests & ultrasounds.
• Prenatal visits are scheduled once a month until the 28th week of pregnancy, then twice a month until the 36, and once a week until birth. 
• The frequency of visits is determined by the growth and health of the baby as well as the care of the mother.

Sonograms & Ultrasounds 

• A sonogram/ultrasound is a test using sound waves to create an image of your baby, placenta, and other pelvic organs. They begin to be used at 6-10 weeks to confirm pregnancy and later on to keep track of the baby's image & determine the gender.
• A 3-D sonogram is a photo of the baby's image
• A 4-D sonogram can show the baby's movement.
• Physical abnormalities & Down Syndrome can be determined through an ultrasound.

Amniocentesis

• Amniocentesis is taken through a sample of your amniotic fluid, as opposed to an ultrasound which is just a photograph.
• It can be used to detect genetic disorders, birth defects, & chromosomal disorders.
• Amniocentesis can assess maturity of baby's lungs, which an ultrasound cannot.

Prenatal Tests

• Prenatal tests can be useful to figure out any abnormality in the cells producing the fetus, any blood abnormalities, any birth defects, and can be used to figure out ways to prevent these things. 

Getting Healthy Before Pregnancy

• Go to the doctor and get checked up before you get pregnant, and afterwards get frequent doctor care.
• Always make sure that your vaccinations & immunizations are up to date.
• Get dental checkups before & during your pregnancy, and beware of gum disease.
• Take supplements that equal 400 micrograms of folic acid, or the equivalent in foods to prevent birth defects.
• Eat healthy foods before and while you are pregnant in order to get to a healthy pregnancy weight to avoid pregnancy problems due to obesity or underweight.
• Do not smoke, do drugs, or drink alcohol as well as drugs that havent been prescribed to you. 
• Educate yourself in your family's medical health history to watch for any illnesses that might be hereditary.
• Do not eat undercooked meat or change cat's litter box.
• Stay away from rodents that could carry viruses and disease that could harm you baby.
• Stay away from chemicals such as paint, paint thinner, etc., harmful chemicals can increase chance of birth defects.
• Get immediately help if you are suffering domestic abuse.
• Keep the stress level down.

How can Folic Acid prevent birth defects?

1. What foods are rich in Folic Acid? 
-Multi-Bran Chex Cereal
-Squash
-Raisin Bran
-Whole grains
-9 cups of orange juice

2. What can you do it you do not eat foods rich in Folic Acid?
-take supplements that contain pure Folic Acid daily

3. When should a woman begin taking Folic Acid if she is pregnant or wanting to become pregnant?
-one month before pregnancy, and if she is already pregnant take it immediately.

4. What birth defects are caused by a lack of Folic Acid?
-Down syndrome
-Gastroschisis
-Upper and lower limb reduction defects

5. Name 5 brands of cereal that have 100% of the daily recommended allowanced for Folic Acid.
 1.Wheat chex
 2. Honey toasted oat
 3. Oat Flakes and Blueberry Clusters
 4.Kellog's Meuslix
 5.Malt-o-meal mini spooners

My Project on John Bowlby

Here is my presentation on John Bowlby

My Multiple Intelligences

These are my multiple intelligences


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Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Human Development: an amazing, gradual process in which people change from birth through adulthood.
Physical Development: the changes in size, body composition, chemical make-up, and height that occur as humans develop from birth to adulthood.
Gross-motor skills: involves large muscle movements such as crawling, walking, and jumping.
Fine-motor skills: involve small muscle movements such as cutting with scissors, typing on a keyboard, and writing with a pen or pencil.
Cognition: actions or processes involving thinking and knowing.
Cognitive Development: the way people change and grow in how they think over the stages of life
Socio-emotional Development: refers to the changes in the way a person's social relationships, feelings, social skills, self-esteem, gender identity, and ways of coping with situations change over time.
Heredity: traits people are born with (genes passed down through your family's lineage)
Environment: all of a person's surroundings and the people in them
Nature versus nurture debate: the debate between genetics versus environmental influences on development (ex. the debate on wether evil can be born or only created)
Continuity: slow but steady developmental changes
Discontinuity: development spurred by sudden/abrupt changes (ex. divorce, new school, death in family)
Pedagogy: teacher or parent-directed method of learning
Andragogy: self-directed development from the earliest stages of infancy.

My First Blog in HGD

My name is Mayra Flores.
I go to Richland High School.